Abstract: The Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA) is then used to solve the model and determine the size and location of the leak holes. Initially, considering that the fluid flow state will change when the pipeline leaks, the shear stress is correct to obtain a more accurate oil pipeline leakage model, and then the characteristic line method is used to solve the problem. Subsequently, based on the principles of leak localization, the localization problem is transformed into an optimization problem, and develop an oil pipeline leak localization model. The WOA is then utilized to solve the oil pipeline leak model, and the results obtained under different leak conditions were compared with those obtained using Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). The results show that the modified oil pipeline leak model was accurate, with a maximum relative error of 1.02% in the pressure distribution and 3.84% in the flow velocity distribution. Under different leak conditions, the WOA demonstrated localization errors within 1% and leak hole size errors of about 15%, which were more precise than the other two algorithms and exhibited good adaptability.