Abstract: To improve the surface quality of 18CrNiMo7-6 steel, samples were processed by ultrasonic rolling with a self-designed ultrasonic rolling device.The effects of process parameters and their interaction on surface roughness, residual stress, and wear rate of 18CrNiMo7-6 steel were studied by single-factor tests and response surface methodology, and the significance of the established second-order response surface regression model was tested. The desirability function method is used to optimize the process parameters, and the optimum process parameters are that the static pressure is 269 N, the number of passes is 4, and the ultrasonic amplitude is 7 μm. The experimental results show that the surface plastic deformation, grain refinement, and wear resistance of the sample were improved, and the errors between experimental values and predicted values were less than 5%, which verified the feasibility of the optimization results.